Dry Eyes

Dry Eye Syndrome

Understanding Eye Moisture & Tear Film Health

The eye is a highly specialised organ responsible for absorbing and processing light, allowing us to see clearly and comfortably. To function properly, the surface of the eye must remain clean, smooth, and continuously hydrated through a healthy tear film.

Tears do far more than simply wet the eye — they protect against infection, remove debris, nourish delicate eye tissues, and create a smooth optical surface essential for clear vision.

    The Three Types of Tears

    Your body naturally produces three different types of tears, each serving an important role in maintaining eye health and comfort.

    Basal Tears

    Basal tears are continuously produced to keep the eyes lubricated, nourished, and protected.

    They create a constant protective barrier over the cornea, helping to:

    • Keep the eye surface moist
    • Wash away dust and debris
    • Protect against infection
    • Maintain clear, comfortable vision

    These tears are essential for everyday eye health.

    Reflex Tears

    Reflex tears are released when the eyes are exposed to irritants such as:

    • Smoke
    • Dust
    • Wind
    • Foreign particles
    • Onion fumes
    • Chemical irritants

    These tears are produced rapidly and in larger amounts to flush harmful substances away. They often contain increased protective antibodies to help defend the eye against bacteria and irritation.

    Emotional Tears

    Emotional tears are triggered by feelings such as:

    • Joy
    • Sadness
    • Stress
    • Fear
    • Relief

    These tears are chemically different from basal and reflex tears and are linked to emotional processing and stress regulation.

    The Three Layers of the Tear Film

    Tears are far more complex than water or saline. They contain a specialised combination of enzymes, lipids, electrolytes, metabolites, and protective proteins that work together to keep the eyes healthy. A healthy tear film consists of three important layers:

    Mucus Layer

    The innermost mucus layer helps the tear film adhere evenly to the eye’s surface, ensuring smooth tear distribution and stable moisture retention.

    Aqueous Layer

    The middle aqueous layer is the thickest portion of the tear film.

    Its role is to:

    • Hydrate the eye
    • Deliver oxygen and nutrients
    • Wash away debris
    • Fight bacteria
    • Protect the cornea

    Lipid (Oil) Layer

    The outer oily layer smooths the tear surface and prevents evaporation of the underlying moisture layers.

    This layer is critical for:

    • Maintaining tear stability
    • Preventing dryness
    • Improving visual clarity
    • Reducing tear evaporation

    When this layer becomes unstable, dry eye symptoms often develop.

    What Causes Dry Eye?

    Dry eye syndrome occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tear film quality becomes unstable, causing rapid evaporation and surface irritation. Common causes of dry eye include:

    Environmental Factors

    External conditions can quickly affect tear film stability, including:

    • Dust and airborne particles
    • Wind exposure
    • Pollen and allergens
    • Heat and dry climates
    • Air-conditioning
    • Prolonged screen time and digital device use

    Excessive screen use reduces blinking frequency, increasing tear evaporation and eye strain.

    Ageing

    As we age, natural tear production gradually decreases.

    Reduced tear volume can leave the eyes more exposed to environmental stress, leading to:

    • Dryness
    • Irritation
    • Burning sensations
    • Blurred vision
    • Foreign body sensation

    Hormonal Changes

    Hormonal fluctuations can significantly affect tear production, particularly during:

    • Pregnancy
    • Menopause
    • Hormonal therapy changes

    These changes often contribute to increased dry eye symptoms.

      Medications

      Certain medications can interfere with tear production, including:

      • Antihistamines
      • Antidepressants
      • Blood pressure medications
      • Acne medications
      • Decongestants

      If symptoms develop after starting medication, a comprehensive eye assessment may help identify the cause.

      Systemic Health Conditions

      Certain autoimmune and systemic conditions can affect tear quality and gland function, including:

      • Sjogren’s Syndrome
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis
      • Lupus
      • Diabetes
      • Thyroid disorders

      These conditions may disrupt tear production and contribute to chronic dry eye symptoms.

        Expert Dry Eye Assessment & Treatment

        Early diagnosis and treatment of dry eye disease can significantly improve comfort, vision quality, and long-term eye health.

        A comprehensive dry eye assessment allows us to identify the underlying cause and provide tailored treatment solutions to restore healthy tear film function and lasting visual comfort.